Linux—搭建Apache(httpd)服务 – Alone

1、httpd简介？

http是Apache超文本传输协议服务器的主程序。它是一个独立的后台进程，能够处理请求的子进程和线程。

http常用用的两个版本是httpd-2.2和httpd-2.4

• CentOS6系列的默认httpd版本是httpd-2.2版本的rpm包
• CentOS7系列的默认httpd版本是httpd-2.4版本的rpm包

2、httpd服务特点

3、 httpd的工作模型

• prefork：两级进程模型，父进程管理子进程，每个进程响应一个请求

# 工作模型
一个主进程：
    负责生成子进程及回收子进程
    负责创建套接字、接受请求，并将其派发给某子进程进行处理
n个子进程：
    每个子进程处理一个请求

# 注意：
会预先生成几个空闲进程，随时等待用于响应用户请求，最大不会超过1024个

• worker：三级进程模型，父进程管理子进程，子进程通过线程响应用户请求，每个线程处理一个用户请求

# 工作模型
一个主进程：
　　负责生成子进程、创建套接字、接受请求，并将其派发给某子进程进行处理
多个子进程：
　　每个子进程负责生成多个线程
每个线程：
　　负责响应用户请求

• event：两级模型，父进程管理子进程，子进程通过事件驱动event-driven机制直接响应n个请求

# 工作模型：
一个主进程：
    负责生成子进程、创建套接字、接受请求，并将其派发给某子进程进行处理
子进程：
    基于事件驱动机制直接响应多个请求

4、httpd的配置文件

5、httpd自带的工具程序

6、httpd常用配置

6.1 安装httpd服务

[root@localhost ~]# dnf install -y httpd			//用dnf安装httpd服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd		//服务默认是未开启的
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor pres>
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld		//开启服务前关闭防火墙
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd		//开启httpd服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd		//查看服务是否开启成功
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor pres>
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-07-21 21:16:35 CST; 14s ago
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
 Main PID: 15207 (httpd)
   Status: "Running, listening on: port 80"
    Tasks: 213 (limit: 11202)
   Memory: 24.8M
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─15207 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─15208 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─15209 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─15210 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─15211 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

用浏览器输入IP地址打开httpdde测试页面

6.2 访问控制法则

注意：httpd-2.4版本在配置文件加入Requirt才是默认是拒绝所有主机访问的，所以安装以后必须做显示授权访问

配置示例： 允许除了IP192.168.111.1以外的所有主机访问

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 
......
 #
    # Controls who can get stuff from this server.
    #
    Require all granted
</Directory>
<Directory "/var/www/html/Tanke">
    <RequireAll>
        Require not 192.168.111.1
        Require all granted
    </RequireAll>
</Directory>
#
# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
# is requested.
#
......
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -t
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server"s fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the "ServerName" directive globally to suppress this message
Syntax OK
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 		//把#ServerName www.example.com:80前的#删掉
#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn"t have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
#ServerName www.example.com:80
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -t
Syntax OK

6.3 虚拟主机

虚拟主机有三种：

• 相同IP不同端口
• 不同IP相同端口
• 相同IP相同端口不同域名

httpd服务如何配置？

1. 先在全局范围内找*vhosts.conf文件
2. 把*vhosts.conf文件复制到当前路径中

相同IP不同端口

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/httpd-vhosts.conf 
......
<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Tanke"
    ServerName www.Tanke.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>

Listen 81
<VirtualHost *:81>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Feiji"
    ServerName www.Feiji.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>
......
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -t
Syntax OK
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@localhost ~]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process  
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN   0        128                    *:80                  *:*              
LISTEN   0        128                    *:81                  *:*              
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*   

不同IP相同端口

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/httpd-vhosts.conf 
......
<VirtualHost 192.168.111.135:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Tanke"
    ServerName www.Tanke.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 192.168.111.136:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Feiji"
    ServerName www.Feiji.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>
......
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -t
Syntax OK
[root@localhost ~]# ip a		//查看是否存在IP192.168.111.136
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:22:82 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.111.135/24 brd 192.168.111.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1537sec preferred_lft 1537sec
    inet6 fe80::3d5c:b9d6:55f:48e9/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.111.136/24 dev ens160		//添加ＩＰ
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:bb:22:82 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.111.135/24 brd 192.168.111.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1463sec preferred_lft 1463sec
    inet 192.168.111.136/24 scope global secondary ens160
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::3d5c:b9d6:55f:48e9/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpd		／／重启ｈｔｔｐｄ服务

相同IP相同端口不同域名

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/httpd-vhosts.conf
......
<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Tanke"
    ServerName www.Tanke.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Tanke1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Feiji"
    ServerName www.Feiji.com
    ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-error_log"
    CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www.Feiji1.com-access_log" common
</VirtualHost>
......
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -t
Syntax OK
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpd

主机名解析

Linux 和MAC系统中修改 /etc/host

windows主机名解析 在C:windowssystem32driversetchosts找到文件无法修改，需要把文件拖到桌面修改，添加解析，再放回原位

7、配置https步骤

https（全称：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over SecureSocket Layer），是以安全为目标的 http 通道，在 http 的基础上通过传输加密和身份认证保证了传输过程的安全性。

1. mod_ssl模块

mod_ssl 模块可以实现https加密认证。

//安装mod_ssl模块
[root@localhost ~]# dnf install -y mod_ssl

a).CACA生成一对密钥

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /etc/pki/CA
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA
[root@localhost CA]# mkdir private
[root@localhost CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)		#生成密钥
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
....+++++
....................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@localhost CA]# openssl rsa -in private/cakey.pem -pubout		#提取公钥
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA2vmOLM61l3syZOvzhO3O
9YzRUTF8IuGVv3F2ASWfUuvYTwq9Q7C5xxqaCOSR73iieQU9mkrtv98a8AoY/Oyd
9fehZbrMxgDUFL7skcRxhYpacYeLfhnDlMLCU73ilVa4K2ZSm4MNLJ6DKDzgOozu
wzOTNvvy7wrkHXyMDt4M0DOFc051sPwT4ncBQQKcHjDpi9A8iCAgWTbInNXvLjHg
FV2E4HxPlhgzNwf99D01JJVK8qZSeL+aj0gYlmpBvh60czHfi28nqp8qqZocmUXf
BDUHK27usf8s3Pmdi/9I1mwGYPOQoH/SzTC3ce9RTd2inzSaQCMdbZe7pmp4rPW2
rwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

b). CA生成自签署证书

[root@localhost CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365		#生成自签署证书
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ".", the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:hb
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:wh
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:zsl
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:mxx
Common Name (eg, your name or your server"s hostname) []:www.Tanke1.com
Email Address []:123@qq.com
[root@localhost CA]# openssl x509 -text -in cacert.pem		#读出cacert.pem证书的内容
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            76:a0:c6:d4:e7:7a:4d:dc:21:1b:71:ba:25:8e:74:f3:1b:41:5b:2a
        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C = cn, ST = hb, L = wh, O = zsl, OU = mxx, CN = www.Tanke1.com, emailAddress = 123@qq.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 21 15:31:42 2022 GMT
            Not After : Jul 21 15:31:42 2023 GMT
        Subject: C = cn, ST = hb, L = wh, O = zsl, OU = mxx, CN = www.Tanke1.com, emailAddress = 123@qq.com
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                RSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:da:f9:8e:2c:ce:b5:97:7b:32:64:eb:f3:84:ed:
                    ce:f5:8c:d1:51:31:7c:22:e1:95:bf:71:76:01:25:
                    9f:52:eb:d8:4f:0a:bd:43:b0:b9:c7:1a:9a:08:e4:
                    91:ef:78:a2:79:05:3d:9a:4a:ed:bf:df:1a:f0:0a:
                    18:fc:ec:9d:f5:f7:a1:65:ba:cc:c6:00:d4:14:be:
                    ec:91:c4:71:85:8a:5a:71:87:8b:7e:19:c3:94:c2:
                    c2:53:bd:e2:95:56:b8:2b:66:52:9b:83:0d:2c:9e:
                    83:28:3c:e0:3a:8c:ee:c3:33:93:36:fb:f2:ef:0a:
                    e4:1d:7c:8c:0e:de:0c:d0:33:85:73:4e:75:b0:fc:
                    13:e2:77:01:41:02:9c:1e:30:e9:8b:d0:3c:88:20:
                    20:59:36:c8:9c:d5:ef:2e:31:e0:15:5d:84:e0:7c:
                    4f:96:18:33:37:07:fd:f4:3d:35:24:95:4a:f2:a6:
                    52:78:bf:9a:8f:48:18:96:6a:41:be:1e:b4:73:31:
                    df:8b:6f:27:aa:9f:2a:a9:9a:1c:99:45:df:04:35:
                    07:2b:6e:ee:b1:ff:2c:dc:f9:9d:8b:ff:48:d6:6c:
                    06:60:f3:90:a0:7f:d2:cd:30:b7:71:ef:51:4d:dd:
                    a2:9f:34:9a:40:23:1d:6d:97:bb:a6:6a:78:ac:f5:
                    b6:af
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                8F:33:2D:51:A9:40:12:AC:BA:56:09:42:A1:CC:38:E3:4C:2B:79:DF
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:8F:33:2D:51:A9:40:12:AC:BA:56:09:42:A1:CC:38:E3:4C:2B:79:DF

            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         22:a1:8f:18:0d:53:a7:1f:59:41:cc:f1:b7:04:0e:9e:9c:23:
         2b:ab:e7:47:d0:1c:39:de:e9:b4:99:72:44:ec:1d:40:7c:71:
         73:d6:9c:98:d4:03:92:9a:5e:83:60:52:53:db:08:b9:e0:a0:
         6b:98:7d:e5:13:0e:6a:3e:04:0f:0c:09:40:bb:1d:94:61:f8:
         09:57:d2:d3:6e:32:b7:e5:02:ed:47:88:b7:3a:13:e9:a2:45:
         0a:5d:b4:fd:40:96:fb:8f:0a:9d:8b:b4:a6:12:a4:14:b0:95:
         ee:66:df:3f:3f:a1:bf:cd:e9:ad:7b:48:d5:67:11:4d:22:98:
         4e:e3:b5:31:18:41:5d:ee:39:9f:ae:89:ba:69:76:11:3d:82:
         37:09:02:69:3e:c2:26:c5:17:8e:97:a3:e4:10:bc:a2:8a:e3:
         83:be:83:05:91:59:82:29:fa:34:d8:0d:31:7c:37:3e:28:48:
         96:3c:04:38:d1:43:55:da:c5:de:65:ef:bb:3d:db:e8:66:50:
         9f:7d:cf:77:4f:d9:55:c9:69:8e:c2:fa:ea:8f:8a:50:5a:c8:
         da:b1:c5:50:60:fb:74:60:30:3c:01:ce:3e:c5:6c:f6:e2:04:
         d1:ca:63:70:e8:84:90:b8:32:96:67:22:d2:7d:15:47:34:07:
         c1:2a:47:70
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
[root@localhost CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@localhost CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial

c).客户端（例如httpd服务器）生成密钥

[root@localhost CA]# cd /etc/httpd && mkdir ssl && cd ssl
[root@localhost ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out httpd.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
...+++++
...........................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)

d).客户端生成证书签署请求

[root@localhost ssl]# openssl req -new -key httpd.key -days 365 -out httpd.csr
Ignoring -days; not generating a certificate
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ".", the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) []:hb
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:wh
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:zsl
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:mxx
Common Name (eg, your name or your server"s hostname) []:www.Tanke1.com
Email Address []:123@qq.com

Please enter the following "extra" attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

e).CA签署客户端提交上来的证书

[root@localhost ssl]# openssl ca -in httpd.csr -out httpd.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 21 15:35:07 2022 GMT
            Not After : Jul 21 15:35:07 2023 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = cn
            stateOrProvinceName       = hb
            organizationName          = zsl
            organizationalUnitName    = mxx
            commonName                = www.Tanke1.com
            emailAddress              = 123@qq.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment: 
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                EA:D9:52:5A:E7:84:C2:09:1A:15:5B:4D:F2:77:23:F0:1D:C1:F9:D0
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:8F:33:2D:51:A9:40:12:AC:BA:56:09:42:A1:CC:38:E3:4C:2B:79:DF

Certificate is to be certified until Jul 21 15:35:07 2023 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y


1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated

2. 在ssl.conf 中配置证书的位置

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim ssl.conf
......
//把#DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Feiji"
#ServerName www.Feiji1.com:443#号删除并指定其使用目录路径
<VirtualHost _default_:443>

# General setup for the virtual host, inherited from global configuration
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/Feiji"
ServerName www.Feiji1.com:443

//配置证书的路径
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.crt

#   Server Private Key:
#   If the key is not combined with the certificate, use this
#   directive to point at the key file.  Keep in mind that if
#   you"ve both a RSA and a DSA private key you can configure
#   both in parallel (to also allow the use of DSA ciphers, etc.)
#   ECC keys, when in use, can also be configured in parallel
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key
......

3. 检查配置文件是否有语法错误

[root@localhost conf.d]# httpd -t
Syntax OK

4. 重启服务

[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@localhost conf.d]# ss -anlt
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q           Local Address:Port           Peer Address:Port     Process     
LISTEN     0          128                    0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*                    
LISTEN     0          128                          *:443                       *:*                    
LISTEN     0          128                          *:80                        *:*                    
LISTEN     0          128                       [::]:22                     [::]:*