由于主库和备库的db_name相同的，只是db_unique_name不同，可以使用备库进行数据库的备份，从而减轻主库备份的负担。本篇演示DataGuard环境下RMAN工具的使用。

1 查看主库RMAN配置

[oracle@sz ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 21:49:56 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> show all;



RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO "%F"; # default

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default

CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM "AES128"; # default

CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM "BASIC" AS OF RELEASE "DEFAULT" OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default

CONFIGURE DB_UNIQUE_NAME "orcl" CONNECT IDENTIFIER "shzhen";

CONFIGURE DB_UNIQUE_NAME "orcldg" CONNECT IDENTIFIER "shhai";

CONFIGURE RMAN OUTPUT TO KEEP FOR 7 DAYS; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY;

CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO "/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f"; # default



RMAN>

代码100分

2 查看备库RMAN配置

代码100分[oracle@sh ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 21:50:16 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> show all;



RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCLDG are:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO "%F"; # default

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default

CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM "AES128"; # default

CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM "BASIC" AS OF RELEASE "DEFAULT" OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default

CONFIGURE DB_UNIQUE_NAME "orcl" CONNECT IDENTIFIER "shzhen";

CONFIGURE DB_UNIQUE_NAME "orcldg" CONNECT IDENTIFIER "shhai";

CONFIGURE RMAN OUTPUT TO KEEP FOR 7 DAYS; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default

CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO "/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcldg.f"; # default



RMAN>

3 备库进行数据库的备份

对主备用数据库进行RMAN配置后，接下来就可以将物理备库作为RMAN的目标数据库进行连接，将原来在主库上的备份操作完全移至备库。由于备库本质上是主库的物理副本，因此，不论在主库备份，还是在备库备份，在恢复和还原数据库时，两者时通用的、可以互换的，但需注意的是，在RMAN中查看和管理备份时，它们还是和dB_UNIQUE_NAME相关联的。

[oracle@sh ~]$ rman target sys/system@shhai catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 22:49:07 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;





Starting backup at 26-APR-20

current log archived at primary database

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=21 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set

input archived log thread=1 sequence=12 RECID=1 STAMP=1038160947

input archived log thread=1 sequence=13 RECID=2 STAMP=1038160948

input archived log thread=1 sequence=14 RECID=3 STAMP=1038161310

input archived log thread=1 sequence=15 RECID=4 STAMP=1038161793

input archived log thread=1 sequence=16 RECID=5 STAMP=1038164237

input archived log thread=1 sequence=17 RECID=7 STAMP=1038341915

input archived log thread=1 sequence=18 RECID=6 STAMP=1038341913

input archived log thread=1 sequence=19 RECID=8 STAMP=1038344530

input archived log thread=1 sequence=20 RECID=9 STAMP=1038344716

input archived log thread=1 sequence=21 RECID=11 STAMP=1038345256

input archived log thread=1 sequence=22 RECID=13 STAMP=1038351398

input archived log thread=1 sequence=23 RECID=16 STAMP=1038351676

input archived log thread=1 sequence=24 RECID=18 STAMP=1038351701

input archived log thread=1 sequence=25 RECID=17 STAMP=1038351701

input archived log thread=1 sequence=26 RECID=19 STAMP=1038768564

input archived log thread=1 sequence=27 RECID=20 STAMP=1038768690

input archived log thread=1 sequence=28 RECID=21 STAMP=1038768781

input archived log thread=1 sequence=29 RECID=22 STAMP=1038768877

input archived log thread=1 sequence=30 RECID=23 STAMP=1038772825

input archived log thread=1 sequence=31 RECID=24 STAMP=1038782819

input archived log thread=1 sequence=32 RECID=25 STAMP=1038782819

input archived log thread=1 sequence=33 RECID=26 STAMP=1038782826

input archived log thread=1 sequence=34 RECID=27 STAMP=1038782922

input archived log thread=1 sequence=35 RECID=28 STAMP=1038782959

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 26-APR-20

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 26-APR-20

piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCLDG/backupset/2020_04_26/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20200426T224922_hbc7vlqf_.bkp tag=TAG20200426T224922 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07

Finished backup at 26-APR-20



Starting backup at 26-APR-20

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/example01.dbf

input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/system01.dbf

input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 26-APR-20

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 26-APR-20

piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCLDG/backupset/2020_04_26/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp tag=TAG20200426T224929 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:26

Finished backup at 26-APR-20



Starting backup at 26-APR-20

current log archived at primary database

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set

input archived log thread=1 sequence=36 RECID=29 STAMP=1038783056

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 26-APR-20

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 26-APR-20

piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCLDG/backupset/2020_04_26/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20200426T225059_hbc7ympo_.bkp tag=TAG20200426T225059 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 26-APR-20



Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 26-APR-20

piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCLDG/autobackup/2020_04_26/o1_mf_s_1038782959_hbc7ynyn_.bkp comment=NONE

Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 26-APR-20



RMAN>

4 模拟主库故障，恢复主库

4.1 有备份，删除主库数据文件，进行恢复

1）删除数据文件

代码100分[oracle@sz ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/

[oracle@sz orcl]$ ll

total 3362568

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 10076160 Apr 26 22:53 control01.ctl

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 1304174592 Apr 26 22:49 example01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 26 22:50 redo01.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 26 22:53 redo02.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 26 22:49 redo03.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 21 23:00 redo04.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 21 23:01 redo05.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 21 23:01 redo06.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 52429312 Apr 21 23:01 redo07.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 744497152 Apr 26 22:49 sysaux01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 838868992 Apr 26 22:49 system01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 206577664 Apr 26 19:00 temp01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 167780352 Apr 26 22:49 undotbs01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 5251072 Apr 26 22:49 users01.dbf

[oracle@sz orcl]$ rm users01.dbf

2）数据库出错

[oracle@sz orcl]$ sqlplus scott/scott@shzhen



SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Sun Apr 26 22:54:17 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.





Connected to:

Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.2.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options



SQL> select count(1) from scott.emp;

select count(1) from scott.emp

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 6

ORA-01110: data file 6: "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf"

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

3）查看备份信息

[oracle@sz ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 22:55:30 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> list backup summary;



specification does not match any backup in the repository



RMAN> list backup summary for db_unique_name orcldg;



List of Backups for database with db_unique_name ORCLDG

===============

Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag

------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---

621 B A A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T224922

654 B F A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T224929

691 B A A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T225059

692 B F A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T225100



RMAN> list backupset 654 for db_unique_name orcldg;



List of Backup Set for database with db_unique_name ORCLDG

===================





BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------

654 Full 1.42G DISK 00:01:18 26-APR-20

BP Key: 679 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200426T224929

Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCLDG/backupset/2020_04_26/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp

List of Datafiles in backup set 654

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----

1 Full 2222976 26-APR-20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf

3 Full 2222976 26-APR-20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf

4 Full 2222976 26-APR-20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf

5 Full 2222976 26-APR-20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf

6 Full 2222976 26-APR-20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf



RMAN> catalog backuppiece "/home/oracle/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp";



cataloged backup piece

backup piece handle=/home/oracle/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp RECID=2 STAMP=1038785184

List of Backups

===============

Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag

------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---

621 B A A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T224922

654 B F A DISK 26-APR-20 1 1 NO TAG20200426T224929

4）还原数据文件

RMAN> restore datafile 6 from tag="TAG20200426T224929";



Starting restore at 26-APR-20

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=24 device type=DISK



channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /home/oracle/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp

channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/home/oracle/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20200426T224929_hbc7vtob_.bkp tag=TAG20200426T224929

channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished restore at 26-APR-20



RMAN> recover datafile 6;



Starting recover at 26-APR-20

using channel ORA_DISK_1



starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01



Finished recover at 26-APR-20



RMAN> alter database open;



Statement processed

5）查看还原后的文件

[oracle@sz orcl]$ ll users01.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle asmadmin 5251072 Apr 26 23:28 users01.dbf

4.2 无备份，删除主库数据文件，进行恢复

1）主备库均无备份可用

[oracle@sz ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 23:33:28 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> list backup for db_unique_name orcl;



specification does not match any backup in the repository



RMAN> list backup for db_unique_name orcldg;



specification does not match any backup in the repository

2）删除数据文件

[oracle@sz orcl]$ rm users01.dbf

[oracle@sz orcl]$ ll users01.dbf

ls: cannot access users01.dbf: No such file or directory

3）启动数据库出错

SQL> startup

ORACLE instance started.



Total System Global Area 1644167168 bytes

Fixed Size 2925024 bytes

Variable Size 973082144 bytes

Database Buffers 654311424 bytes

Redo Buffers 13848576 bytes

Database mounted.

ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 6: "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf"

4）利用物理备库的数据文件还原主库损坏的数据文件

在RMAN中将备库作为目标数据库，将主库作为辅助数据库连接，同时连接恢复目录。

[oracle@sh ~]$ rman target sys/system@shhai auxiliary sys/system@shzhen catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 23:37:03 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database

connected to auxiliary database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253, not open)



RMAN> backup as copy datafile 6 auxiliary format "/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf";



Starting backup at 26-APR-20

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=37 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy

input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/users01.dbf

output file name=/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf tag=TAG20200426T233826

channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 26-APR-20

5）在主库注册获得的文件复制（可选）

[oracle@sz ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 23:41:14 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253, not open)

connected to recovery catalog database



RMAN> catalog datafilecopy "/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf";



cataloged datafile copy

datafile copy file name=/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf RECID=1 STAMP=1038786100

6）利用已注册的数据文件拷贝还原损坏的数据文件（可选）

RMAN> restore datafile 6;



Starting restore at 26-APR-20

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=26 device type=DISK



channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006

input datafile copy RECID=1 STAMP=1038786100 file name=/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf

destination for restore of datafile 00006: /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: copied datafile copy of datafile 00006

output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf RECID=0 STAMP=0

Finished restore at 26-APR-20

或者直接利用下面的命令：

RMAN> run{

2> set newname for datafile 6 to "/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf";

3> switch datafile 6;

4> }



executing command: SET NEWNAME



datafile 6 switched to datafile copy

input datafile copy RECID=1 STAMP=1038786100 file name=/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

7）恢复损坏的数据文件，打开数据库

RMAN> recover datafile 6 ;



Starting recover at 26-APR-20

using channel ORA_DISK_1



starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00



Finished recover at 26-APR-20



RMAN> alter database open;



Statement processed

4.3 利用网络进行恢复（12c新特性）

1）删除数据文件

[oracle@sz ~]$ rm users_from_std.dbf

2）连接到主库

[oracle@sz ~]$ rman target / catalog rman/rman@catdb



Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Sun Apr 26 23:49:41 2020



Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.



connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1565938253)

connected to recovery catalog database

3）设置加密算法

RMAN> set encryption algorithm "AES128";



executing command: SET encryption

4）利用备库恢复主库

RMAN> restore datafile "/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf"

2> from service "shhai" section size 120M;



Starting restore at 26-APR-20

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=22 device type=DISK



channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_DISK_1: using network backup set from service shhai

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring section 1 of 1

channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished restore at 26-APR-20



RMAN> alter database open;



RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-03002: failure of sql statement command at 04/26/2020 23:53:33

ORA-01113: file 6 needs media recovery

ORA-01110: data file 6: "/home/oracle/users_from_std.dbf"



RMAN> recover datafile 6;



Starting recover at 26-APR-20

using channel ORA_DISK_1



starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00



Finished recover at 26-APR-20



RMAN> alter database open;



Statement processed



RMAN> select count(1) from scott.emp;



COUNT(1)

----------

14

以上就是DataGuard环境下使用RMAN进行数据库备份和恢复的演示。