大家好,我是考100分的小小码 ,祝大家学习进步,加薪顺利呀。今天说一说MySQL学习总结之路(第二章:表),希望您对编程的造诣更进一步.
目录
MySQL学习总结之路(第一章:服务与数据库管理)
MySQL学习总结之路(第二章:表)
MySQL学习总结之路(第三章:数据类型)
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1、创建表
1.1、创建表基本语法:
CREATE TABLE tablename (column_name_1 column_type_1 constraints, column_name_2 column_type_2 constraints , ……)
1.1.1、创建一张简单的表
mysql> create table orders (ordername varchar(10),createtime date,ordermoney decimal(10,2),ordernumber int(2)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
1.1.2、查看创建表定义
1.1.2.1、结构化定义
mysql> desc orders; +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.1.2.2、表详细定义
查看详细的表定义
mysql> show create table orders G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: orders Create Table: CREATE TABLE `orders` ( `ordername` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, `createtime` date DEFAULT NULL, `ordermoney` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL, `ordernumber` int(2) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
由此可以看到表的 ENGINE(存储引擎)是InnoDB
CHARSET(字符集)是Latin1
2、删除表
命令:
DROP TABLE tablename
删除orders:
mysql> drop table orders -> ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
3、修改表
3.1、修改表类型命令:
ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
mysql> alter table orders modify ordername varchar(20); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc orders; +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2、字段改名命令:
ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
例:表 orders 上将ordernumber修改为ordernumbers
mysql> alter table orders change column ordernumber ordernumbers int(4); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc orders; +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumbers | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
特别说明:change 和 modify 都可以修改表的定义,不同的是 change 后面需要写两次列名,不方便。但是 change 的优点是可以修改列名称,modify 则不能。
3.3、增加表字段命令:
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
mysql> alter table orders add column username varchar(30); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc orders; +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | | username | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.4、删除表列字段命令
ALTER TABLE tablename DROP [COLUMN] col_name
例:表 orders 上删除字段 username:
mysql> alter table orders drop column username; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc orders; +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumber | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | +-------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.5、表改名命令
ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME [TO] new_tablename
例:表 orders 名字改为goodsorders
mysql> alter table orders rename goodsorders; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) mysql> desc orders; ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table "ordermanage.orders" doesn"t exist mysql> desc goodsorders; +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ordername | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | createtime | date | YES | | NULL | | | ordermoney | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | ordernumbers | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4、DML 语句
4.1、插入记录 命令
INSERT INTO tablename (field1,field2,……fieldn) VALUES(value1,value2,……valuesn);
例:表 goodsorders 中插入一条记录,ordername 为zhang,createtime为2021-05-12,ordermoney为100.00,ordernumbers为:1
mysql> insert into goodsorders (ordername,createtime,ordermoney,ordernumbers) values("zhang","2021-05-12",100.00,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
也可以省略(field1,field2,……fieldn)这一部分
mysql> insert into goodsorders values("zhang1","2021-05-12",1001.00,11); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
4.2、查看插入数据命令
4.2.1、查询全部
SELECT * FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]
例:查看goodsorders中所有插入数据
mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang | 2021-05-12 | 100.00 | 1 | | zhang1 | 2021-05-12 | 1001.00 | 11 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.2、查询不重复记录命令关键字
distinct
例:查询非goodsorders中非重复创建时间(createtime)的数据
mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select distinct createtime from goodsorders; +------------+ | createtime | +------------+ | 2021-03-11 | | 2020-05-12 | | 2020-03-12 | | 2020-03-11 | +------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
由此可以看到,将重复的一条时间数据2021-03-11去掉了
4.2.3、多条件查询关键字
where 后面的条件是一个字段的‘=’比较,还可以使用>、<、>=、<=、!=等比较运算符; 多个条件之间还可以使用 or、and 等逻辑运算符进行多条件联合查询,
例:查询非goodsorders中 ordername=”li”并且createtime为2020-03-11
mysql> select * from goodsorders where ordername="li"and createtime ="2020-03-11"; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.4、排序查询命名
SELECT * FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION] [ORDER BY field1 [DESC|ASC] , field2 [DESC|ASC],……fieldn [DESC|ASC]]
例:把 goodsorders表中的记录按照创建时间高低进行排序显示
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
4.2.5、显示一部分,而不是全部,指令
SELECT ……[LIMIT offset_start,row_count]
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 3; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例如2:如果要显示 goodsorders表中按照 createtiem 排序后 从第二条记录开始,显示3条数据:
mysql> select * from goodsorders order by createtime limit 2,3; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.6、统计数据,聚合指令
SELECT [field1,field2,……fieldn] fun_name FROM tablename [WHERE where_contition] [GROUP BY field1,field2,……fieldn [WITH ROLLUP]] [HAVING where_contition]
参数说明:
1、fun_name 表示要做的聚合操作,也就是聚合函数,常用的有 sum(求和)、count(*)(记录数)、max(最大值)、min(最小值)
2、GROUP BY 关键字表示要进行分类聚合的字段,比如要按照部门分类统计员工数量,部门就应该写在 group by 后面。
mysql> select count(1) from goodsorders; +----------+ | count(1) | +----------+ | 5 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
例2:在此基础上,按照创建日期(createtime)进行分组统计
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime; +------------+----------+ | createtime | count(1) | +------------+----------+ | 2020-03-11 | 1 | | 2020-03-12 | 1 | | 2020-05-12 | 1 | | 2021-03-11 | 2 | +------------+----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例3:在此基础上,既要按照创建日期(cretetime)进行分组统计,又要计算总数
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime with rollup; +------------+----------+ | createtime | count(1) | +------------+----------+ | 2020-03-11 | 1 | | 2020-03-12 | 1 | | 2020-05-12 | 1 | | 2021-03-11 | 2 | | NULL | 5 | +------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
最有一行,null所展示的数字,就是总数
例4:按照创建日期(createtime)进行分组统计,并且数量大于1
mysql> select createtime,count(1) from goodsorders group by createtime having count(1)>1; +------------+----------+ | createtime | count(1) | +------------+----------+ | 2021-03-11 | 2 | +------------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
例5:查询goodsorders表中,订单金额(ordermoney)的总额、最低额、最高额
mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select sum(ordermoney),max(ordermoney),min(ordermoney) from goodsorders; +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | sum(ordermoney) | max(ordermoney) | min(ordermoney) | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 330.00 | 70.00 | 50.00 | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec)
4.2.7、表连接
1、左连接:包含所有的左边表中的记录甚至是右边表中没有和它匹配的记录;关键指令:left join
2、右连接:包含所有的右边表中的记录甚至是左边表中没有和它匹配的记录;关联指令:right join
例1:现在我们又创建一张用户表(member),使用goodorders进行左连接,查询关联的用户表信息
mysql> select * from member; +------+------------+ | id | membername | +------+------------+ | 15 | zhang | | 1 | li | | 13 | liss | +------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from goodsorders left join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id | membername | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | 15 | zhang | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 | NULL | NULL | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例2:member和goodsorders中数据不变,我们再来看一下右连接的查询,以及结果:
mysql> select * from goodsorders right join member on goodsorders.memberid = member.id; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | id | membername | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | 15 | zhang | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | 1 | li | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 13 | liss | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这里发生了翻转,变为左侧goodsorders 表中的一条数据为空了
4.2.8、子查询,相关关键字
主要包括 in、not in、=、!=、exists、not exists 等
例:从goodsorders表中查询所有用户在memeber表中的记录
mysql> select * from member; +------+------------+ | id | membername | +------+------------+ | 15 | zhang | | 1 | li | | 13 | liss | +------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2020-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 3 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from goodsorders where memberid in(select id from member); +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | memberid | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ | zhang | 2021-03-11 | 50.00 | 1 | 15 | | li | 2020-05-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2020-03-12 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | | li | 2021-03-11 | 70.00 | 15 | 1 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+----------+ 4 rows in set (0.05 sec)
4.2.9、记录联合,指令
SELECT * FROM t1 UNION|UNION ALL SELECT * FROM t2 …… UNION|UNION ALL SELECT * FROM tn;
例1:将member表和goodsorders表中的用户编号id(memberid)的集合显示出来
mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union all select id from member; +----------+ | memberid | +----------+ | 15 | | 1 | | 1 | | 3 | | 1 | | 15 | | 1 | | 13 | +----------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例2:如果希望将上面的结果去掉重复记录后显示
mysql> select memberid from goodsorders union select id from member; +----------+ | memberid | +----------+ | 15 | | 1 | | 3 | | 13 | +----------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.3、更新记录命令
UPDATE tablename SET field1=value1,field2.=value2,……fieldn=valuen [WHERE CONDITION]
例:将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang的订单金额(ordermoney)改为50
mysql> update goodsorders set ordermoney=50.00 where ordername="zhang"; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang | 2021-05-12 | 50.00 | 1 | | zhang1 | 2021-05-12 | 1001.00 | 11 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.4、删除记录命名
DELETE FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]
例:将表 goodsorders 中ordername为zhang1的记录全部删除
mysql> delete from goodsorders where ordername = "zhang1"; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec) mysql> select * from goodsorders; +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | ordername | createtime | ordermoney | ordernumbers | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ | zhang | 2021-05-12 | 50.00 | 1 | +-----------+------------+------------+--------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec)
5、DCL 语句
DCL语句主要是为了管理数据库系统中的操作对象权限
5.1创建数据库用户
mysql> grant select,insert on ordermanage.* to "user1"@"localhost" identified by "123"; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec) mysql> exit Bye C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.7in>mysql -uuser1 -p123 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 82 Server version: 5.7.17-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type "help;" or "h" for help. Type "c" to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | ordermanage | +--------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在此基础上,将此用户(user1)的insert权限进行收回
mysql> revoke insert on ordermanage.* from "user1"@"localhost"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> exit Bye C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.7in>mysql -uuser1 -p123 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 84 Server version: 5.7.17-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type "help;" or "h" for help. Type "c" to clear the current input statement. mysql> use ordermanage; Database changed mysql> insert into member values("11","ss"); ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user "user1"@"localhost" for table "member" mysql>
由此可以看出插入权限不足,插入失败
此章节完事儿嘞
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